Mongolia population pyramid 2026
3,556,798 people in 2026 (projected). Mongolia’s pyramid has two pronounced bulges, born around 1989 and 2014, separated by the deep birth trough that followed the end of socialism.
- 2026 population
- 3.6Mrank 133 of 237
- Median age
- 27.0 yearsoldest rank 157
- Fertility rate
- 2.54births per woman · above replacement
- Structure
- Transitional5.7% age 65+
Mongolia population pyramid
2026 · Share of total by five-year age group and sex
Hover over or tap a bar to see exact values.
Download this population pyramid
Use the publication-ready SVG, create a high-resolution PNG, or download the complete age-by-sex dataset.
The UN series provides historical estimates through 2023. Figures from 2024 onward—including 2026—are medium-scenario projections, not counts or predictions guaranteed to occur.
Mongolia age distribution in 2026
Children under 15 account for 30.9% of the population, while 5.7% are aged 65 or older. The remaining 63.4% are in the conventional working-age range of 15–64. On these shares, the site classifies Mongolia’s age structure as transitional; the guide to population pyramid types explains what that shape implies.
The total age dependency ratio is 57.8: about 58 people under 15 or 65+ for every 100 people aged 15–64 (48.7 children and 9.1 older people). This is an age-balance indicator, not a literal count of economic dependants per worker.
What shapes Mongolia’s population pyramid
From pronatalism to collapse and back
Under socialist rule Mongolia actively encouraged large families, and the total fertility rate climbed from about 5.5 in 1950 to more than seven around 1970. It then fell, to about 4.2 by 1990, and kept falling after the political and economic transition of 1990: by 2000 the rate was about 2.3, little more than half its 1990 level.
The 2026 pyramid carries this history as alternating wide and narrow bands. The 35–39 band, born about 1987–91 at the end of the socialist period, is about 16% larger than its neighbours. Below it the pyramid narrows sharply to a waist at ages 20–29, the cohorts born about 1997–2006, after the fertility decline of the 1990s.
An unusual rebound
Mongolia’s fertility then partly recovered. The total fertility rate rose to about 2.5 by 2010 and about 2.7 in 2023, and the 10–14 band, born about 2012–16, is now the largest in the pyramid, about 16% bigger than the bands on either side. Part of this bulge is an echo, because the large late-1980s generation was then in its twenties; part reflects higher birth rates, a rise that coincided with economic growth driven by mining and with cash benefits for children introduced in the 2000s. Births have since eased, leaving the 0–4 band narrower than 5–9.
A wide gap between men and women
At younger ages boys and men slightly outnumber girls and women, but the balance turns at around 50. By ages 70–74 there are only about 63 men per 100 women, and by 80–84 about 53. Life expectancy in 2026 is about 68 for men and 77 for women, a gap of around nine years that is often linked to high male mortality from cardiovascular disease, alcohol-related illness and injuries. The guide to sex ratios by age explains how such a gap shapes the top of a pyramid.
Mongolia’s 2026 profile is closest to those of Algeria, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, and its fertility is far higher than that of its East Asian neighbours in the fertility rate by country ranking. Net migration is small, so births and deaths drive the outlook: under the medium scenario the population reaches about 4.5 million by 2050 and is still growing slowly in 2100, with fertility just below two.
What to notice across the years
Distinctive cohorts and turning points
Comparing each five-year band with its neighbours picks out the cohorts that break a smooth slope. These irregularities usually record past surges or deficits in births, or migration concentrated at particular ages; the pattern alone does not identify which. The guide to baby booms and echo cohorts explains how to date and interpret them.
| Age band in 2026 | Born about | Feature | Versus neighbouring bands |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10–14 | 2012–2016 | Bulge (larger cohort) | +16% |
| 35–39 | 1987–1991 | Bulge (larger cohort) | +16% |
In the UN medium scenario births outnumber deaths in every year through 2100. People aged 65 and older are projected to outnumber children under 15 by 2085.
Births, deaths, and migration
A pyramid changes in only three ways: births add to the base, deaths remove people at every age, and migration adds or removes people mainly in young adulthood. In 2026, Mongolia is projected to record 60,067 births (about 164 births a day) and 21,265 deaths, a natural increase of 38,802. Net migration adds +12 people, ranking #97 in the net migration rate ranking.
Between 2000 and 2023 the UN estimates 1,544,533 births, 450,382 deaths, and cumulative net migration of −83,845. Over that period the balance of births and deaths moved the total more than migration did. See how migration shapes a pyramid and birth rate versus fertility rate. The medium scenario assumes net migration of +1,724 between 2026 and 2050.
Annual values 1950–2100; dashed lines after 2023 are the UN medium projection. The trend table below lists the values by decade.
Life expectancy and mortality
- Life expectancy, women
- 77.1 years41.7 in 1950
- Life expectancy, men
- 68.0 years35.7 in 1950
- Further years at 65
- 15.4 yearsboth sexes
- Infant mortality
- 8.1per 1,000 births · 178 in 1950
- Under-five mortality
- 10.0per 1,000 births
- Mother’s mean age at birth
- 29.3 yearssex ratio at birth 104.2
Women in Mongolia are projected to live 9.1 years longer than men, which is why the female side of the pyramid widens relative to the other at older ages (see the life expectancy gap ranking). Infant mortality has fallen from 178 to 8.1 deaths per 1,000 live births since 1950, ranking #136 of 237 in the infant mortality ranking (highest first). A mean age at childbearing of 29.3 years sets the spacing between generations, and so how far apart echo cohorts sit in the pyramid.
Median age, fertility rate, and global ranks for Mongolia
The median age of 27.0 years splits the population into two equal halves. A total fertility rate of 2.54 births per woman is above the replacement level of roughly 2.1, and life expectancy at birth is 72.5 years.
These ranks compare all 237 countries and areas in this dataset using the same 2026 UN medium projection. Ranks use the stored source precision, so displayed rounding can make adjacent values look identical; small differences should not be overinterpreted.
| Indicator | 2026 value | Global rank | Ranking direction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 3,556,798 | #133 | Largest first |
| Median age | 27.0 years | #157 | Oldest first |
| Fertility rate | 2.54 | #74 | Highest first |
| Annual growth | +1.1% | #92 | Fastest first |
| Life expectancy | 72.5 years | #156 | Highest first |
| Population aged 65+ | 5.7% | #161 | Highest share first |
Largest age groups in Mongolia
The five largest cohorts identify where the 2026 population is concentrated. They can reflect past birth patterns, survival, and migration; the chart alone does not establish which cause dominates.
| Rank | Age group | Population | Share of total | Male / female |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10–14 | 404,225 | 11.4% | 208.9K / 195.3K |
| 2 | 5–9 | 375,388 | 10.6% | 192.5K / 182.9K |
| 3 | 15–19 | 320,247 | 9.0% | 165.3K / 154.9K |
| 4 | 0–4 | 318,514 | 9.0% | 162.5K / 156K |
| 5 | 35–39 | 287,389 | 8.1% | 146K / 141.4K |
Sex ratio and the balance by age
In the 2026 projection, Mongolia has 1,771,333 males and 1,785,465 females. That is 99.2 males per 100 females, ranking #93 when the dataset is ordered from the highest male-to-female ratio to the lowest.
Males account for 49.8% of the population and females for 50.2%. There are 14,132 more females than males overall. Among people aged 65 and older, the ratio is 63.4 males per 100 females.
The overall balance can conceal large differences by age; how sex ratios change with age explains the usual pattern. The ratio reflects the male/female categories in the UN source and is not a measure of gender identity. Compare all profiles in the sex-ratio ranking.
At birth, 104.2 boys are projected to be born for every 100 girls in 2026, close to the biological norm of about 105 (compare the sex ratio at birth ranking). The ratio at birth sets the balance at the base of the pyramid; how it changes with age then depends on survival and migration.
How Mongolia has changed since 1950
The population has increased from 781,688 in 1950 to 3,556,798 in 2026, a change of 355%. Over the same span, median age moved from 23.9 to 27.0 years.
The under-15 share changed from 32.8% to 30.9%, while the share aged 65 and older changed from 3.9% to 5.7%. These shifts show why total population growth and age-structure change need to be read separately.
How the population could change by 2050
Under the UN medium scenario, Mongolia’s population is projected to grow by about 27%, reaching 4,501,493 in 2050. The median age changes from 27.0 to 32.0 years.
The 65+ share is projected to rise by 6.9 percentage points to 12.6%. At the same time, the under-15 share is projected at 23.3%. How UN projections work explains the assumptions behind these figures.
The population is still rising at the end of the UN medium projection in 2100, when it reaches 5,519,345. The page therefore does not assign a peak year beyond the available horizon.
Population trend: 1950–2100
Mid-year population for every year. Estimates through 2023; dashed line shows the UN medium projection.
| Year | Population | Median age | Fertility | Life exp. | Births | Deaths | Net migration | Growth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 781,688 | 23.9 | 5.50 | 38.6 | 31,712 | 19,018 | 0 | +1.6% |
| 1960 | 977,595 | 21.7 | 6.82 | 44.5 | 43,140 | 22,415 | +10,334 | +3.2% |
| 1970 | 1,295,272 | 16.4 | 7.31 | 52.0 | 52,269 | 21,710 | +3,263 | +2.6% |
| 1980 | 1,701,335 | 16.6 | 6.21 | 55.2 | 65,395 | 23,051 | −1,268 | +2.4% |
| 1990 | 2,164,574 | 17.9 | 4.21 | 58.8 | 73,808 | 22,813 | −11,881 | +1.8% |
| 2000 | 2,455,182 | 20.7 | 2.25 | 63.5 | 51,054 | 17,382 | −11,241 | +0.9% |
| 2010 | 2,701,732 | 24.4 | 2.52 | 67.1 | 64,164 | 18,318 | −6,444 | +1.5% |
| 2020 | 3,290,786 | 26.4 | 2.95 | 70.0 | 73,521 | 21,277 | 0 | +1.6% |
| 2023 | 3,431,932 | 26.8 | 2.69 | 71.7 | 65,019 | 20,340 | 0 | +1.3% |
| 2024* | 3,475,540 | 26.9 | 2.63 | 72.0 | 63,101 | 20,643 | +83 | +1.2% |
| 2026* | 3,556,798 | 27.0 | 2.54 | 72.5 | 60,067 | 21,265 | +12 | +1.1% |
| 2030* | 3,705,231 | 27.0 | 2.39 | 73.4 | 58,755 | 22,874 | +35 | +1.0% |
| 2040* | 4,095,554 | 28.5 | 2.14 | 75.6 | 70,984 | 28,162 | −181 | +1.0% |
| 2050* | 4,501,493 | 32.0 | 1.99 | 77.7 | 68,652 | 33,720 | −253 | +0.8% |
| 2060* | 4,792,868 | 34.7 | 1.91 | 79.5 | 62,399 | 38,363 | +1,252 | +0.5% |
| 2070* | 5,033,086 | 35.8 | 1.87 | 81.3 | 65,271 | 42,283 | +740 | +0.5% |
| 2080* | 5,251,327 | 37.7 | 1.83 | 82.8 | 63,284 | 44,217 | +302 | +0.4% |
| 2090* | 5,417,910 | 40.2 | 1.81 | 84.3 | 60,063 | 45,903 | +157 | +0.3% |
| 2100* | 5,519,345 | 41.9 | 1.79 | 85.7 | 59,511 | 54,009 | −172 | +0.1% |
* 2024 onward is the UN medium projection. Fertility is births per woman; life expectancy is years at birth; births, deaths, and net migration are counts for that calendar year.
Download every year, 1950–2100 (CSV)
2026 population by age and sex
The table provides the counts behind the chart. Age groups are five-year bands, with everyone aged 100 or older combined.
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 162,541 | 155,973 | 318,514 | 9.0% |
| 5–9 | 192,460 | 182,928 | 375,388 | 10.6% |
| 10–14 | 208,929 | 195,296 | 404,225 | 11.4% |
| 15–19 | 165,346 | 154,901 | 320,247 | 9.0% |
| 20–24 | 118,800 | 110,719 | 229,519 | 6.5% |
| 25–29 | 115,017 | 109,000 | 224,017 | 6.3% |
| 30–34 | 125,322 | 119,177 | 244,499 | 6.9% |
| 35–39 | 146,025 | 141,364 | 287,389 | 8.1% |
| 40–44 | 126,103 | 124,446 | 250,549 | 7.0% |
| 45–49 | 107,228 | 108,337 | 215,565 | 6.1% |
| 50–54 | 91,825 | 97,872 | 189,697 | 5.3% |
| 55–59 | 73,617 | 85,948 | 159,565 | 4.5% |
| 60–64 | 58,881 | 74,575 | 133,456 | 3.8% |
| 65–69 | 40,181 | 56,896 | 97,077 | 2.7% |
| 70–74 | 20,235 | 32,159 | 52,394 | 1.5% |
| 75–79 | 9,907 | 17,904 | 27,811 | 0.8% |
| 80–84 | 5,696 | 10,668 | 16,364 | 0.5% |
| 85–89 | 2,444 | 5,030 | 7,474 | 0.2% |
| 90–94 | 659 | 1,853 | 2,512 | 0.1% |
| 95–99 | 110 | 383 | 493 | 0.0% |
| 100+ | 8 | 36 | 44 | 0.0% |
Countries with the most similar age structure
These profiles have the 2026 age distributions closest to Mongolia’s, measured by the total difference in the share of the population in each five-year band. Similar shapes can arise from very different histories, so the match is a starting point for comparison, not an explanation.
- Algeria97% overlap · median age 28.8
- Turkmenistan95% overlap · median age 27.3
- Kyrgyzstan95% overlap · median age 25.5
- Kazakhstan95% overlap · median age 29.7
- Egypt95% overlap · median age 24.7
- Cambodia95% overlap · median age 26.4
To calculate school-age, working-age, or older groups with other boundaries, use the age-group calculator for Mongolia.
Use this chart in your work
Charts and tables may be reused with attribution. Please link to this page and credit the United Nations as the data source.
Embed the population pyramid
Cite this page
APA
World Population Pyramid. (2026, October 19). Mongolia Population Pyramid 2026. https://worldpopulationpyramid.com/countries/mongolia/
MLA
“Mongolia Population Pyramid 2026.” World Population Pyramid, 19 Oct. 2026, worldpopulationpyramid.com/countries/mongolia/.
Chicago
World Population Pyramid. “Mongolia Population Pyramid 2026.” Last modified October 19, 2026. https://worldpopulationpyramid.com/countries/mongolia/.
Underlying data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
Frequently asked questions
What is the population of Mongolia in 2026?
Under the UN World Population Prospects 2024 medium scenario, Mongolia's population in 2026 is projected at 3,556,798.
What is the median age in Mongolia?
The projected median age in Mongolia in 2026 is 27.0 years: half the population is younger and half is older.
What is the fertility rate in Mongolia?
The projected total fertility rate in 2026 is 2.54 births per woman, above the replacement level of about 2.1 in low-mortality populations.
Is Mongolia's population projected to grow?
Between 2026 and 2050, the UN medium scenario indicates the population will grow by about 27%, from 3.6M to 4.5M.
What share of Mongolia is aged 65 or older?
In 2026, 5.7% of the projected population is aged 65 or older. By 2050, the medium scenario places the share at 12.6%.
How many babies are born in Mongolia each year?
The UN medium scenario projects 60,067 births and 21,265 deaths in 2026, about 164 births a day. Births exceed deaths by 38,802.
What is life expectancy in Mongolia for men and women?
Life expectancy at birth in 2026 is projected at 77.1 years for women and 68.0 years for men, a gap of 9.1 years in favour of women.
Does Mongolia have more immigrants or emigrants?
Mongolia is projected to gain about 12 more people through migration than it loses in 2026. Between 2000 and 2023 the UN estimates cumulative net migration of −83,845.
What is the sex ratio in Mongolia?
The projected 2026 population sex ratio is 99.2 males per 100 females. This all-age ratio is different from the sex ratio at birth and can vary substantially by age.
Sources and notes
- United Nations, DESA, Population Division: World Population Prospects 2024, medium scenario.
- Population values are mid-year figures. Source values published in thousands are converted to people; displayed figures may imply more precision than is appropriate for planning.
- Historical values through 2023 are estimates. Values from 2024 onward are projections.
- Calculations follow the site methodology.